The Puritan Awakening (Second Turning, 1621-1649) began with Parliament’s “Great Protestation.”  Upon the accession of James’ son, the reformist urge turned radical and gained popular momentum.  Seeking religious exile, John Winthrop led a “saving remnant” of true believers to America.  In England, this Puritan Enthusiasm led to the Long Parliament (in 1640), civil war, and the execution of Charles I (in 1649).  In the new wilderness colonies, the experimental fervor receded, leaving isolated settlements seeking an enforceable moral orthodoxy.

Elizabethans entering elderhood

Parliamentarians entering midlife

Puritans entering young adulthood

Cavaliers entering childhood

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